Agronomy

Corn Vigor and Seed Quality Testing

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Key Points:

The Pioneer Stress Test (PST) is a proprietary vigor test used on all Pioneer^® brand corn products

Pioneer Stress Test and field trial results are used to assign stress emergence ratings that characterize a hybrid’s genetic potential to tolerate cold, wet conditions and germinate normally

The Pioneer Stress Test allows for optimal characterization of seed quality, which helps to ensure growers get the highest quality seed for planting

Cold Stress is Common During Germination

Successful germination and emergence of corn is determined by three primary factors: environmental conditions, hybrid genetics, and seed quality (Figure 1)
In North America, corn is nearly always subjected to some degree of environmental stress during germination and emergence
- Corn is a warm season crop, with an optimal soil temperature range for germination and emergence of 85-90 ºF (29-32 ºC)
- Soil temperatures at planting are usually below, and often well-below, this range
The need for corn to tolerate stressful environments during germination and emergence means genetic vigor and seed quality are both critical for establishment of a successful crop
Corn vigor tests have been used for decades to simulate stressful soil environments and assess the ability of hybrids and specific seed batches to germinate under those conditions

**Figure 1.** Critical environmental, genetic and seed quality factors that affect corn stand establishment.

Cold Germination Tests

The Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) defines vigor as those seed properties which determine the potential for rapid, uniform emergence, and development of normal seedlings under a wide range of field conditions.
Lab assays to test vigor are commonly referred to as cold tests. Different variations of cold tests have been in use in the seed corn industry since the 1950s.
In North America, the most commonly used vigor tests are the cold test and saturated cold test.
- A cold test typically consists of planting seeds in chilled media and maintaining them at low temperature, usually 50 °F for 7 days, followed by a grow out period at a higher temperature to assess germination
- An extended cold test is a variation offered by some labs with a longer duration of cold stress
- A saturated cold test increases the stress level by using water-saturated media, which increases imbibitional chilling and oxygen deprivation. Seeds are often placed embryo side down in order to increase overall stress levels

Unlike warm germination scores, which are derived using an industry-wide standard protocol and required by law to be reported on bag labels, cold test methodologies are not standardized and may vary among labs.
Consequently, a cold test or saturated cold test score does not constitute an objective performance rating that is comparable across labs, but rather must be interpreted relative to the specific protocol that was used.

Pioneer Stress Test

The Pioneer Stress Test (PST) is a proprietary vigor test used on all Pioneer® brand corn products.
It was developed in early 2000s as an improvement upon the saturated cold test.
The Pioneer Stress Test imposes extreme imbibitional chilling and anaerobic stresses, beyond that of the saturated cold test.
The Pioneer Stress Test has proven to be more predictive of hybrid performance under extreme cold stress and provide better differentiation among genetics and seed lots (Figure 2).

Field Validation

The Pioneer Stress Test is continually validated in field research trials.
Early-planted stress emergence trials are conducted every year across multiple locations.
Research sites are chosen to reflect the various seedbed and environmental conditions likely to be experienced by farmers.
- Some eastern locations often have extended cold and wet conditions that persist into late spring and early summer.
- Northern and Midwestern sites are more likely to provide extreme day/night temperature fluctuations.
Field validation has shown that the PST produces consistent, reproducible results, that strongly correlate to field emergence under stress (Figure 2).

Stress Emergence Scores

The Pioneer Stress Test is used to support hybrid advancement decisions and also to support breeding efforts to improve early season stress tolerance through marker-assisted selection.
For hybrids that are advanced to commercial status, Pioneer Stress Test and field trial results are used to assign stress emergence ratings that characterize a hybrid’s genetic potential to tolerate cold, wet conditions and germinate normally.
Figure 3 shows differences in emergence between two hybrids with differing stress emergence ratings in several field trials that experienced cold stress after planting.

**Figure 3.** Average stand establishment for high and low stress emergence score hybrids in six stress emergence locations in 2018. Locations are sorted from least stressful (left) to most stressful (right) based on average early stand.

Ensuring Seed Quality

Pioneer has the seed industry’s highest production and quality control standards, assuring growers they get the highest quality seed for planting.
The Pioneer Stress Test allows for optimal separation between high and low quality. It can detect small differences in vigor that may indicate a seed lot needs to be discarded.
The Pioneer Stress Test has the ability to detect imminent standard (warm) germination failures in seed lots.

Testing Points

New crop seed is tested in the fall at harvest to determine the initial quality.
After conditioning, all seed sizes of each sizing run are tested again; all seed sizes must meet the same high-quality criteria.
Carryover seed must meet the same quality criteria as new crop seed. Pioneer does not differentiate between new crop and carryover when evaluating test results.
Pioneer customers can be confident that every batch they plant has been thoroughly tested in this extensive screening program and meets Pioneer’s industry-leading standards.